Oswald J. KLINGLER

Abstract A total of 19 randomized controlled trials were included in a comprehensive comparative study on the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Thirteen of these trials treated patients with full PTSD without mandatory additional diagnoses. The comparisons, conducted across numerous dependent variables and in various subgroups, revealed no systematic differences in effectiveness at the required significance level of p < 0.01. Only for depression scores in the intention-to-treat analysis did data from three studies show a superiority for EMDR, while in the observed-case analysis during follow-up, the three studies using CBT with the classic prolonged exposure approach showed advantages for CBT. However, this does not imply superiority or preference for either method. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitiz...

Summary - Educational research in Austria is characterized by a glaring lack of high-quality randomized controlled trials; there is no reliable evidence whatsoever for the effects of the educational measures implemented here.    - This lack of quality also extends to research on language support measures; for these, too, there are no randomized controlled trials that could demonstrate any effects.   - The evaluation of language support classes and language support groups has failed because neither their implementation has been sufficiently successful, nor have randomized controlled trials been conducted to compare the interventions with each other or with a control group.    - Consequently, it cannot be claimed that there is no difference between the effects of the support measures and that segregation is therefore unnecessary.   - The purported evidence in favor of inclusive language support consists primarily of an unsystematic compilation of opinions, ...